On the other hand, Machiavellians sometimes are described as charismatic ( Deluga, 2001), and Machiavellian presidents have had more legislative victories during their tenure in office ( Simonton, 1986). (2006) found that Machiavellianism was positively related to undesirable leadership outcomes for eight of the 12 criteria. In a study of 120 outstanding 20th century leaders from business, political, military, and religious institutions, Bedell et al. However, previous research on the impact of Machiavellian leaders has found some contradictory results concerning leadership effectiveness. 219) defined trait Machiavellianism as the tendency to “distrust others, engage in amoral manipulation, seek control over others, and seek status for oneself.” Some evidence suggests that persons high on Machiavellianism can be successful at obtaining that higher status ( Spurk et al., 2016). Using a set of statements from Machiavelli's political theory, Christie and Geis (1970) created an assessment of individual differences in Machiavellianism, and Dahling et al. Niccolò Machiavelli, an influential political theorist of the Renaissance, argued that politics is amoral and that rational politicians could use any means, however unscrupulous, to achieve and retain power.
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